BIONEXTS EDUCATION

Short Questions and Answers   Acquired Immunity Q1: What is acquired immunity? A1: Acquired immunity, also known as adaptive immunity, is the body's ability to defend against specific pathogens after prior exposure or through vaccination. Q2: What are the two main types of acquired immunity? A2: There are two main types: humoral immunity, which involves antibodies, and cell-mediated immunity, which relies on immune cells. Q3: How does the body develop acquired immunity? A3: Acquired immunity develops through the recognition of specific antigens, which trigger the production of antibodies and memory immune cells. Q4: What is the primary role of antibodies in acquired immunity? A4: Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are proteins that target and neutralize pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses. Q5: What is the significance of memory cells in acquired immunity? A5: Memory B and T cells "remember" previous infections or vaccinations, allowing for a faster and more robust respon...

Short Questions and answers 1. What are enzymes, and what is their primary function in biological systems? Enzymes are biological molecules, typically proteins, that act as catalysts to accelerate chemical reactions in living organisms. They facilitate reactions by lowering the activation energy barrier. 2. How do enzymes specifically recognize their substrates? Enzymes have an active site that provides a complementary fit to the substrate's shape and chemical properties. This specific binding is known as the "lock-and-key" model. 3. What is the induced fit model of enzyme-substrate interaction? The induced fit model suggests that both the enzyme and substrate undergo conformational changes upon binding, enhancing the fit and facilitating catalysis. 4. Can enzymes function under extreme pH or temperature conditions? Enzymes have optimal pH and temperature ranges. They may denature or lose activity outside of these ranges due to changes in their tertiary structure. 5. What...

Short Questions and answers 1. What is the principle of catalysis in enzymology? Enzymes act as biological catalysts, increasing the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. They do this by providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower energy barrier. 2. What are enzymes, and how do they function? Enzymes are biological macromolecules, usually proteins, that speed up chemical reactions by binding to reactants (substrates) and facilitating their conversion into products. Enzymes are highly specific to their substrates. 3. What is enzyme kinetics? Enzyme kinetics is the study of the rates of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. It involves measuring parameters like reaction rate, substrate concentration, and enzyme activity to understand the enzyme's performance. 4. Explain the Michaelis-Menten equation and its significance in enzyme kinetics. The Michaelis-Menten equation describes the relationship between substrate concentrati...

Short Questions and answers of Metabolism of Biomolecules   Topic - Carbohydrate metabolism : Glycolysis  and its regulation 1. What is glycolysis?    Answer: Glycolysis is a fundamental metabolic pathway in which glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, generating ATP and NADH in the process. 2. Where does glycolysis take place in the cell.    Answer: Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. 3. What are the main substrates and products of glycolysis? Answer: The substrates of glycolysis are glucose, and the products are two molecules of pyruvate, two molecules of NADH, and a net gain of two ATP molecules. 4. What is the role of ATP in glycolysis?    Answer: ATP is both consumed and generated in glycolysis. Two ATP molecules are used in the early steps of glycolysis, and four ATP molecules are produced, resulting in a net gain of two ATP molecules. 5. What is the significance of NADH in glycolysis?   ...