Neurotransmission and Its Regulation Neurotransmission is a complex and highly regulated process that allows neurons to communicate with each other and with target cells, such as muscles or other neurons. This lecture will cover the fundamentals of neurotransmission and the mechanisms that regulate it. Key Concepts 1. Neurotransmission: Definition : Neurotransmission is the process by which neurons transmit signals or information to other neurons, muscles, or glands via chemical messengers called neurotransmitters. Neurons : Neurons are the specialized cells responsible for transmitting electrical and chemical signals in the nervous system. Synapses : The junction between two neurons, or between a neuron and its target cell (e.g., muscle or gland), is called a synapse. There are two types of synapses: chemical synapses and electrical synapses. 2. Chemical Synapses: Neurotransmitters : Neurons communicate at chemical synapses by releasing neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles into th...
Signaling Through G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-transmembrane receptors, are a large and diverse family of cell surface receptors that play a crucial role in cell signaling. They transduce signals from a wide range of ligands, including hormones, neurotransmitters, and sensory stimuli. In this lecture, we will explore the mechanisms and significance of signaling through GPCRs. Key Concepts 1. Introduction to GPCRs: Abundance : GPCRs are one of the largest receptor families in humans, with over a thousand different GPCR genes. Structure : GPCRs are characterized by seven transmembrane helices that span the cell membrane. These helices are connected by intracellular and extracellular loops. Ligand Diversity : GPCRs can bind to a diverse array of ligands, including small molecules, peptides, lipids, and sensory stimuli (e.g., light, odorants, and taste molecules). 2. Mechanism of GPCR Signaling: Ligand Binding : When a ligand ...